265 research outputs found
Non-Gaussianity in Two-Field Inflation
We derive semi-analytic formulae for the local bispectrum and trispectrum in
general two-field inflation and provide a simple geometric recipe for building
observationally allowed models with observable non-Gaussianity. We use the
\delta N formalism and the transfer function formalism to express the
bispectrum almost entirely in terms of model-independent physical quantities.
Similarly, we calculate the trispectrum and show that the trispectrum parameter
\tau NL can be expressed entirely in terms of spectral observables, which
provides a new consistency relation unique to two-field inflation. We show that
in order to generate observably large non-Gaussianity during inflation, the
sourcing of curvature modes by isocurvature modes must be extremely sensitive
to the initial conditions, and that the amount of sourcing must be moderate in
order to avoid excessive fine-tuning. Under some minimal assumptions, we argue
that the first condition is satisfied only when neighboring trajectories
through the two-dimensional field space diverge during inflation.
Geometrically, this means that the inflaton must roll along a ridge in the
potential V for some time during inflation and that its trajectory must turn
slightly (but not too sharply) in field space. Therefore, it follows that
two-field scenarios with attractor solutions necessarily produce small
non-Gaussianity. This explains why it has been so difficult to achieve large
non-Gaussianity in two-field inflation, and why it has only been achieved in a
narrow class of models like hybrid inflation and certain product potentials
where the potential and/or the initial conditions are fine-tuned. Some of our
conclusions generalize qualitatively to general multi-field inflation.Comment: Discussion improved, gNL formula and extra figure included, typos
corrected, references added. 18 pages, 2 figure
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome
Background: The presentation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) features neuropsychiatric symptoms in the context of predominantly white matter cerebral edema in the setting of a diverse variety of underlying clinical entities. Objective: To illustrate the presentation and diagnostic strategy for this under-recognized condition. Method: We present two cases of PRES and review the available literature. Results: PRES may be due to a number of underlying conditions, but typically presents with symptoms consistent with delirium. Conclusions: Psychiatrist practicing in the general hospital should be aware of the presentation and appropriate work-up of PRES to forestall serious potential sequelae
Impact of Different Fecal Processing Methods on Assessments of Bacterial Diversity in the Human Intestine.
The intestinal microbiota are integral to understanding the relationships between nutrition and health. Therefore, fecal sampling and processing protocols for metagenomic surveys should be sufficiently robust, accurate, and reliable to identify the microorganisms present. We investigated the use of different fecal preparation methods on the bacterial community structures identified in human stools. Complete stools were collected from six healthy individuals and processed according to the following methods: (i) randomly sampled fresh stool, (ii) fresh stool homogenized in a blender for 2 min, (iii) randomly sampled frozen stool, and (iv) frozen stool homogenized in a blender for 2 min, or (v) homogenized in a pneumatic mixer for either 10, 20, or 30 min. High-throughput DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 regions of bacterial community DNA extracted from the stools showed that the fecal microbiota remained distinct between individuals, independent of processing method. Moreover, the different stool preparation approaches did not alter intra-individual bacterial diversity. Distinctions were found at the level of individual taxa, however. Stools that were frozen and then homogenized tended to have higher proportions of Faecalibacterium, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium and decreased quantities of Oscillospira, Bacteroides, and Parabacteroides compared to stools that were collected in small quantities and not mixed prior to DNA extraction. These findings indicate that certain taxa are at particular risk for under or over sampling due to protocol differences. Importantly, homogenization by any method significantly reduced the intra-individual variation in bacteria detected per stool. Our results confirm the robustness of fecal homogenization for microbial analyses and underscore the value of collecting and mixing large stool sample quantities in human nutrition intervention studies
Testing Multi-Field Inflation: A Geometric Approach
We develop an approach for linking the power spectra, bispectrum, and
trispectrum to the geometric and kinematical features of multifield
inflationary Lagrangians. Our geometric approach can also be useful in
determining when a complicated multifield model can be well approximated by a
model with one, two, or a handful of fields. To arrive at these results, we
focus on the mode interactions in the kinematical basis, starting with the case
of no sourcing and showing that there is a series of mode conservation laws
analogous to the conservation law for the adiabatic mode in single-field
inflation. We then treat the special case of a quadratic potential with
canonical kinetic terms, showing that it produces a series of mode sourcing
relations identical in form to that for the adiabatic mode. We build on this
result to show that the mode sourcing relations for general multifield
inflation are extension of this special case but contain higher-order covariant
derivatives of the potential and corrections from the field metric. In
parallel, we show how these interactions depend on the geometry of the
inflationary Lagrangian and on the kinematics of the associated field
trajectory. Finally, we consider how the mode interactions and effective number
of fields active during inflation are reflected in the spectra and introduce a
multifield consistency relation, as well as a multifield observable that can
potentially distinguish two-field scenarios from scenarios involving three or
more effective fields.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures + tables. Revised to clarify several points and
reorganized Section III for pedagogical reasons. Error in one equation and
typos were corrected, as well as additional references adde
Testing Two-Field Inflation
We derive semi-analytic formulae for the power spectra of two-field inflation
assuming an arbitrary potential and non-canonical kinetic terms, and we use
them both to build phenomenological intuition and to constrain classes of
two-field models using WMAP data. Using covariant formalism, we first develop a
framework for understanding the background field kinematics and introduce a
"slow-turn" approximation. Next, we find covariant expressions for the
evolution of the adiabatic/curvature and entropy/isocurvature modes, and we
discuss how the mode evolution can be inferred directly from the background
kinematics and the geometry of the field manifold. From these expressions, we
derive semi-analytic formulae for the curvature, isocurvature, and cross
spectra, and the spectral observables, all to second-order in the slow-roll and
slow-turn approximations. In tandem, we show how our covariant formalism
provides useful intuition into how the characteristics of the inflationary
Lagrangian translate into distinct features in the power spectra. In
particular, we find that key features of the power spectra can be directly read
off of the nature of the roll path, the curve the field vector rolls along with
respect to the field manifold. For example, models whose roll path makes a
sharp turn 60 e-folds before inflation ends tend to be ruled out because they
produce strong departures from scale invariance. Finally, we apply our
formalism to confront four classes of two-field models with WMAP data,
including doubly quadratic and quartic potentials and non-standard kinetic
terms, showing how whether a model is ruled out depends not only on certain
features of the inflationary Lagrangian, but also on the initial conditions.
Ultimately, models must possess the right balance of kinematical and dynamical
behaviors, which we capture in a set of functions that can be reconstructed
from spectral observables.Comment: Revised to match accepted PRD version: Improved discussion of
background kinematics and multi-field effects, added tables summarizing key
quantities and their links to observables, more detailed figures, fixed typos
in former equations (103) and (117). 49 PRD pages, 11 figure
Beyond planning tools: Experiential learning in climate adaptation planning and practices
In the past decade, several dedicated tools have been developed to help natural resources professionals integrate climate science into their planning and implementation; however, it is unclear how often these tools lead to on-the-ground climate adaptation. Here, we describe a training approach that we developed to help managers effectively plan to execute intentional, climate-informed actions. This training approach was developed through the Climate Change Response Framework (CCRF) and uses active and focused work time and peer-to-peer interaction to overcome observed barriers to using adaptation planning tools. We evaluate the effectiveness of this approach by examining participant evaluations and outlining the progress of natural resources projects that have participated in our trainings. We outline a case study that describes how this training approach can lead to place and context-based climate-informed action. Finally, we describe best practices based on our experience for engaging natural resources professionals and helping them increase their comfort with climate-informed planning
Nightshift Work and Nighttime Eating Are Associated With Higher Insulin and Leptin Levels in Hospital Nurses
BackgroundCircadian misalignment between behaviors such as feeding and endogenous circadian rhythms, particularly in the context of shiftwork, is associated with poorer cardiometabolic health. We examined whether insulin and leptin levels differ between dayshift versus nightshift nurses, as well as explored whether the timing of food intake modulates these effects in nightshift workers.MethodsFemale nurses (N=18; 8 dayshift and 10 nightshift) completed daily diet records for 8 consecutive days. The nurses then completed a 24-h inpatient stay, during which blood specimens were collected every 3 h (beginning at 09:00) and meals were consumed at regular 3-h intervals (09:00, 12:00, 15:00, and 18:00). Specimens were analyzed for insulin and leptin levels, and generalized additive models were used to examine differences in mean insulin and leptin levels.ResultsMean insulin and leptin levels were higher in nightshift nurses by 11.6 ± 3.8 mU/L (p=0.003) and 7.4 ± 3.4 ng/ml (p=0.03), respectively, compared to dayshift nurses. In an exploratory subgroup analysis of nightshift nurses, predominately eating at night (21:00 – 06:00) was associated with significantly higher insulin and leptin levels than consuming most calories during the daytime (06:00 – 21:00).ConclusionsIn our study of hospital nurses, working the nightshift was associated with higher insulin and leptin levels, and these effects were driven by eating predominately at night. We conclude that although nightshift work may raise insulin and leptin levels, eating during the daytime may attenuate some of the negative effects of nightshift work on metabolic health
Mapping our Universe in 3D with MITEoR
Mapping our universe in 3D by imaging the redshifted 21 cm line from neutral
hydrogen has the potential to overtake the cosmic microwave background as our
most powerful cosmological probe, because it can map a much larger volume of
our Universe, shedding new light on the epoch of reionization, inflation, dark
matter, dark energy, and neutrino masses. We report on MITEoR, a pathfinder
low-frequency radio interferometer whose goal is to test technologies that
greatly reduce the cost of such 3D mapping for a given sensitivity. MITEoR
accomplishes this by using massive baseline redundancy both to enable automated
precision calibration and to cut the correlator cost scaling from N^2 to NlogN,
where N is the number of antennas. The success of MITEoR with its 64
dual-polarization elements bodes well for the more ambitious HERA project,
which would incorporate many identical or similar technologies using an order
of magnitude more antennas, each with dramatically larger collecting area.Comment: To be published in proceedings of 2013 IEEE International Symposium
on Phased Array Systems & Technolog
Factors Influencing Dietetic Interns\u27 Dietary Habits During Supervised Practice
Supervised practice is a prerequisite to becoming a registered dietitian. Research suggests that environmental and social factors may affect dietary choices. This focus group research aimed to gather opinions from dietetic interns to understand what factors related to supervised practice, if any, affected their dietary habits. Qualitative data were collected via seven recorded virtual focus groups in which trained moderators facilitated a discussion using a series of controlled questions. Participants, dietetic interns (n = 42) who were currently completing or had completed their supervised practice within the previous six months, attended one of seven virtual focus groups. Each focus group had five to eight participants. Transcripts were separately coded by two trained researchers using a grounded theory approach to identify themes and subthemes. Researchers discussed any disagreements in coding and established a consensus. Elements related to the dietetic internship were observed to influence participants’ dietary choices. Main themes included time, finances, food access and availability, physical and mental effects, non-supervised practice factors, and social factors. Dietetic programs and preceptors should explore ways to raise interns’ awareness and minimize the potential negative impacts of these factors on interns’ dietary habits to improve their overall internship experience
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